1-4 Mass Hypnosis

Firstly, a word from the scholars

1-4a Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.

There are competing theories explaining hypnosis and related phenomena. Altered state theories see hypnosis as an altered state of mind or trance, marked by a level of awareness different from the ordinary state of consciousness. In contrast, non-state theories see hypnosis as, variously, a type of placebo effect, a redefinition of an interaction with a therapist or a form of imaginative role enactment.

During hypnosis, a person is said to have heightened focus and concentration and an increased response to suggestions. Hypnosis usually begins with a hypnotic induction involving a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as “hypnotherapy”, while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as “stage hypnosis,” a form of mentalism.

Hypnosis for pain management “is likely to decrease acute and chronic pain in most individuals”. Use of hypnosis for treatment of other problems has produced mixed results, such as with smoking cessation. The use of hypnosis as a form of therapy to retrieve and integrate early trauma is controversial within the scientific mainstream. Research indicates that hypnotising an individual may aid the formation of false memories, and that hypnosis “does not help people recall events more accurately”.

Etymology
The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism (nervous sleep), all of which were coined by Étienne Félix d’Henin de Cuvillers in the 1820s. The term hypnosis is derived from the ancient Greek ?p??? hypnos, “sleep”, and the suffix -?s?? -osis, or from ?p??? hypnoo, “put to sleep” (stem of aorist hypnos-) and the suffix -is. These words were popularised in English by the Scottish surgeon James Braid (to whom they are sometimes wrongly attributed) around 1841. Braid based his practice on that developed by Franz Mesmer and his followers (which was called “Mesmerism” or “animal magnetism”), but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked.

Characteristics
A person in a state of hypnosis has focused attention, and has increased suggestibility.

The hypnotized individual appears to heed only the communications of the hypnotist and typically responds in an uncritical, automatic fashion while ignoring all aspects of the environment other than those pointed out by the hypnotist. In a hypnotic state an individual tends to see, feel, smell, and otherwise perceive in accordance with the hypnotist’s suggestions, even though these suggestions may be in apparent contradiction to the actual stimuli present in the environment. The effects of hypnosis are not limited to sensory change; even the subject’s memory and awareness of self may be altered by suggestion, and the effects of the suggestions may be extended (post-hypnotically) into the subject’s subsequent waking activity.

It could be said that hypnotic suggestion is explicitly intended to make use of the placebo effect. For example, in 1994, Irving Kirsch characterized hypnosis as a “non-deceptive placebo”, i.e., a method that openly makes use of suggestion and employs methods to amplify its effects.

In Trance on Trial, a 1989 text directed at the legal profession, legal scholar Alan W. Scheflin and psychologist Jerrold Lee Shapiro observed that the “deeper” the hypnotism, the more likely a particular characteristic is to appear, and the greater extent to which it is manifested. Scheflin and Shapiro identified 20 separate characteristics that hypnotized subjects might display: “dissociation”; “detachment”; “suggestibility”, “ideosensory activity”; “catalepsy”; “ideomotor responsiveness”; “age regression”; “revivification”; “hyperamnesia”; “amnesia”; “posthypnotic responses”; “hypnotic analgesia and anesthesia”; “glove anesthesia”; “somnambulism”; “automatic writing”; “time distortion”; “release of inhibitions”; “change in capacity for volitional activity”; “trance logic”; and “effortless imagination”.

To Chapter 5